Journal of Law, Social Science and Humanities

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE TOWARDS CRIMINAL ACTS OF ASSAULT IN THE CRIMINAL RESEARCH UNIT OF THE DENPASAR CITY POLICE RESORT

Erikson Sihotang, Rustam Arahman, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The mechanisms and procedures for implementing restorative justice regarding assault cases at the Criminal Investigation Unit of the Denpasar City Police are carried out in accordance with Chapter IV (Articles 79 through 88) of Law No. 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code. The application of restorative justice in resolving assault cases has proven quite effective and serves as a priority for case resolution, in line with the guidelines set forth in Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021. This approach has successfully accelerated case resolution, restored the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator, and reduced the burden on the criminal justice system, although its implementation relies heavily on the parties reaching a peace agreement. Key indicators of success (effectiveness) include: (a) rapid case resolution, (b) restoration of the victim's rights, and (c) system efficiency.

Digital Government Communication Strategis for Enhancing Public Service Delivery

Nasaruddin Siregar, Sari Endah Nursyamsi — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The accelerating digitalization of public administration has fundamentally transformed the nature of government communication and public service delivery. Governments worldwide are deploying digital communication strategies to bridge the gap between administrative efficiency and citizen expectations, yet significant disparities persist across governance contexts in terms of adoption, effectiveness, and inclusivity. This study investigates the digital government communication strategies employed by public agencies to enhance service delivery, identifies key determinants of strategy effectiveness, and proposes an integrative framework for optimizing digital government communication in diverse governance contexts.A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating a systematic literature review of 87 peer-reviewed articles (2019–2025), a quantitative survey of 412 civil servants and 618 citizens across five regions, and qualitative in-depth interviews with 24 senior government communication officials. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, descriptive statistics, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). Four dominant digital communication strategy clusters were identified: Omnichannel Integration (β = 0.521, p < 0.001), Data-Driven Personalization (β = 0.448, p < 0.001), AI-Powered Citizen Engagement (β = 0.396, p < 0.01), and Transparency and Open Data Governance (β = 0.361, p < 0.01). Digital trust emerged as the strongest mediator (β = 0.487) between strategy implementation and perceived service delivery quality. Digital literacy gaps, institutional resistance, and infrastructure inequality were identified as the primary barriers.Effective digital government communication requires a holistic, citizen-centric, and trust-building approach that integrates technology, institutional reform, and inclusive design principles. The proposed DACE (Digital–Accessible–Collaborative–Evidence-based) Framework provides actionable guidance for governments seeking to leverage digital communication for sustainable public service transformation.

CONFLICT BETWEEN CUSTOMARY LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS (HAM) IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE KASEPEKANG SANCTIONS (EXCLUDING AS A CUSTODY/REVOCATION OF CUSTODY RIGHTS) IN BANJAR TRADITIONAL SENTAL KANGIN, PED VILLAGE, NUSA PENIDA DISTRICT, KLUNGKUNG REGENCY

Komang Edy Kariarta Bun, Erikson Sihotang, I Nyoman Suandika — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia is a constitutional state that upholds the protection of human rights as mandated by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. At the same time, the Constitution recognizes the existence of customary law communities along with their traditional rights as long as they remain alive and are consistent with societal development and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Consequently, the implementation of customary law must remain consistent with human rights principles. One form of customary sanction still applied in Balinese customary communities is kasepekang, namely social exclusion or revocation of customary rights imposed upon community members who violate customary regulations (awig-awig).This study aims to analyze the legal position of kasepekang sanctions within the Balinese customary legal system and their recognition under Indonesian national law, as well as to examine the conflict between the implementation of kasepekang sanctions and human rights principles. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources analyzed qualitatively.The study concludes that the constitutional recognition of customary sanctions is guaranteed under Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution and Bali Provincial Regulation Number 4 of 2019 concerning Customary Villages. Nevertheless, the implementation of customary sanctions must not violate constitutional rights guaranteed under Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights. Sanctions resulting in discrimination, social exclusion, restrictions on religious freedom, denial of customary services, and unequal treatment before the law constitute violations of human rights principles. Therefore, harmonization between customary law and human rights protection is necessary through strengthening fair customary dispute resolution mechanisms.

EFFECTIVENESS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT (CURANMOR) IN THE JURISDICTION OF THE BADUNG RESORT POLICE

I Kadek Jaya Sadhu, Erikson Sihotang, Kadek Dedy Suryana — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The crime of theft arises from disparities in the ownership of essential goods; a lack of necessities and a lack of ownership tend to drive individuals toward deviant behavior (theft). Theft can be committed in various ways, ranging from traditional methods to modern techniques involving sophisticated tools and cunning tactics. Such incidents are widespread and often evade legal prosecution. Theft often hinges on timing, with perpetrators carefully selecting the opportune moment to carry out their actions; notably, incidents of theft are particularly frequent during the night. Regarding the facts of theft, there has been a year-on-year decline in motor vehicle theft cases in Badung Regency. This decrease indicates the effectiveness of police law enforcement efforts, achieved through both restorative justice mechanisms and the court system. There are two categories of obstacles: a. Internal obstacles, and b. External obstacles.

EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPLEMENTING CLOSE QUARTERS BATTLE (CQB) TACTICS OF THE MOBILE BRIGADE CORPS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA POLICE IN FACING THE THREAT OF CRIME IN URBAN AREAS

Erikson Sihotang, I Made Adi Winarta, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) of the Indonesian National Police is a specialized tactical unit responsible for handling high-risk security threats, including terrorism, hostage rescue, armed crime, and urban security disturbances. One of its primary tactical capabilities is Close Quarters Battle (CQB), a close-combat strategy designed for operations within confined spaces such as buildings, residential areas, commercial centers, and strategic national facilities. As urban crime continues to evolve in both complexity and intensity, the effectiveness of CQB implementation has become increasingly significant in supporting law enforcement while ensuring compliance with the rule of law and the protection of human rights.This research aims to analyze the legal framework governing the implementation of Close Quarters Battle tactics by the Indonesian National Police Mobile Brigade Corps in responding to urban criminal threats and to identify the obstacles encountered during its implementation. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches.The research concludes that the implementation of CQB tactics has a solid legal basis under Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, Chief of Police Regulation Number 1 of 2009 concerning the Use of Force in Police Actions, and various internal operational regulations of the Mobile Brigade Corps. Nevertheless, its implementation continues to face several challenges, including limited facilities and infrastructure, increasingly sophisticated criminal methods, the need for continuous personnel training, inter-agency coordination, and the obligation to uphold human rights principles during tactical operations.

LAW ENFORCEMENT OF ONLINE FRAUD CRIMINAL ACTS IN OBTAINING VICTIMS' MONEY IN THE JURISDICTION OF THE BALI REGIONAL POLICE

Ni Kadek Intan Sukma Primadini, Erikson Sihotang, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Regarding the recovery of funds for victims of online fraud within the jurisdiction of the Bali Regional Police, the matter is handled by the Cyber Crime Investigation Directorate (Ditres Siber). Funds cannot be automatically recovered by the police; instead, recovery occurs through legal proceedings, the freezing of bank accounts, or compensation settlements reached via restorative justice mediation. The steps required to process a report and recover losses are: 1. Initiate an initial account freeze. 2. Report the incident to the Bali Regional Police—specifically the Cyber Crime Investigation Directorate—so that the case can be pursued criminally. 2. Challenges faced by the police in handling online fraud cases include both internal and external obstacles.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREVENTIVE AUTHORITY OF THE POLICE'S DENSUS 88 ANTI-TERROR IN COMBATING TERRORISM CRIMINAL ACTS

Dewa Nyoman Tri Krisnayana, Erikson Sihotang, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Terrorism constitutes an extraordinary crime threatening national security, state sovereignty, and the protection of human rights. Indonesia's counterterrorism policy has shifted from relying solely on repressive measures toward emphasizing preventive strategies to prevent the emergence and development of terrorist networks. One of the institutions granted preventive authority is the Indonesian National Police's Special Detachment 88 (Densus 88 Anti-Terror) under Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism.This research aims to analyze the legal framework governing the preventive authority of Densus 88 within Indonesia's national legal system and examine the obstacles encountered in its implementation. The study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches.The research concludes that Densus 88 possesses a comprehensive legal basis under Law Number 5 of 2018, Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, Government Regulation Number 77 of 2019, and Presidential Regulation Number 7 of 2021 concerning the National Action Plan for Preventing Violent Extremism Leading to Terrorism. Nevertheless, practical implementation continues to face obstacles including budget limitations, insufficient human resources, inter-agency coordination challenges, and concerns regarding the protection of human rights.

WORK AGREEMENT SYSTEM (OUTSOURCING) FOR EMPLOYEES USING THE WORK CONTRACT SYSTEM (PKWT)

Ayu Trisna Dewi, Ni Ketut Wiratny, Siti Nurmawan Ddamanik — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The increasingly competitive business environment has encouraged companies to implement outsourcing systems as an operational efficiency strategy. One of the most widely applied employment relationships within outsourcing is the Fixed-Term Employment Agreement (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu/PKWT). Although this system has been regulated under Indonesian labour law through Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation and Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021, its implementation continues to raise various legal issues, particularly concerning the protection of workers' rights.This research aims to analyze the legal framework governing outsourcing employment agreements using fixed-term employment contracts and to examine the legal protection afforded to outsourced workers under Indonesian positive law. The study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches.

The research concludes that the post-Job Creation Law regulatory framework provides greater flexibility for companies in implementing outsourcing practices. Nevertheless, legal protection remains mandatory through regulations governing wages, social security, occupational safety and health, compensation for fixed-term employment agreements, and industrial dispute settlement mechanisms. In practice, however, several obstacles remain, including the improper use of fixed-term contracts, weak labour supervision, and low compliance by certain companies with labour regulations. Therefore, stronger government supervision and more effective labour law enforcement are required to achieve a balance between investment interests and workers' legal protection.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY THROUGH LEADERSHIP SUPPORT IN IMPROVING BPJS PATIENT SERVICE PERFORMANCE AT MELOY SANGATTA HOSPITAL

Desta Mejil, RR Tri Gunarti Ningrum, Nurlianti S, Siti Aisyah — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to determine the Human Resource Management Strategy Through Leadership Support
to Improve BPJS Patient Service Performance at Meloy Sangatta Hospital. The informants in this study
were the Director of Meloy Sangatta Hospital as a supporting informant, one Medical Records Officer,
and two BPJS Patients. The data analysis used in this study included data collection, reduction,
presentation, and conclusion drawing. This study employed a descriptive approach.
The results of the study indicate that the leadership of Meloy Sangatta Hospital has implemented a topdown leadership strategy grounded in strong moral commitment. Meloy Sangatta Hospital has
developed a progressive HR strategy through three pillars: training as a foundation, intelligent
incentives (financial and non-financial) as a driving force, and discipline as a standard maintainer.
Consistency of service for BPJS patients is maintained through three pillars: a disciplined system,
nurturing motivation, and implementing accountability. There is a gap between leadership perceptions
and the reality on the ground. Significant gaps in teamwork exist.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST THE MODUS OPERANDI OF HYDROPONIC MARIJUANA CULTIVATION IN DENSELY RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN THE JURISDICTION OF THE BALI REGIONAL POLICE

Komang Ari Kusuma, Erikson Sihotang, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The development of narcotics crimes has significantly changed not only in illegal trafficking but also in cultivation methods utilizing modern agricultural technology. One emerging modus operandi is hydroponic cannabis cultivation conducted in densely populated residential areas. This method complicates law enforcement efforts because perpetrators employ legal agricultural equipment integrated with climate control systems, artificial lighting, irrigation, and CCTV surveillance.This empirical legal research aims to analyze law enforcement against hydroponic cannabis cultivation within the jurisdiction of Bali Regional Police and examine obstacles encountered during investigation and evidence collection. The research employs statutory, conceptual, and case approaches supported by interviews with investigators of the Bali Regional Police Narcotics Directorate.The findings indicate that law enforcement has been implemented under Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code. Nevertheless, investigators still face substantial challenges involving sophisticated cultivation technology, limited detection equipment, weak public participation, and complex evidentiary processes associated with transnational narcotics networks. Strengthening digital forensic capabilities, improving inter-agency coordination, and enhancing community participation are necessary to improve future law enforcement effectiveness.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL APPARATUS DISCIPLINE AT THE CLASS II BALI LAND TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT CENTER

Erikson Sihotang, Erna Yuniarti, Kadek Dedy Suryana — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The discipline of State Civil Apparatus (ASN) constitutes one of the primary indicators of professional, accountable, and integrity-based public administration. The implementation of disciplinary measures aims not only to establish compliance with statutory regulations but also to ensure the delivery of effective and high-quality public services. Nevertheless, disciplinary violations among civil servants remain a recurring issue within various government institutions, including the Class II Bali Land Transportation Management Center.This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of disciplinary law enforcement under Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Civil Servant Discipline and to examine the legal remedies available for civil servants subjected to disciplinary sanctions.

This research employs an empirical legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Data were collected through literature review, document analysis, and interviews with authorized officials at the Class II Bali Land Transportation Management Center. The collected data were analyzed descriptively using qualitative methods.The results indicate that disciplinary enforcement has generally complied with Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021. However, its effectiveness remains influenced by legal awareness among employees, internal supervision, consistency in imposing sanctions, organizational culture, and leadership commitment. Furthermore, legal protection for civil servants is guaranteed through administrative objections and administrative remedies provided under Indonesian administrative law.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF JUDGES' CONSIDERATIONS IN IMPOSING CRIMINAL SENTENCES ON PERPETRATORS OF GRANT CORRUPTION (CASE STUDY OF DENPASAR DISTRICT COURT DECISION NO: 14/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PN.DENPASAR)

Dewa Putu Adiwijaya, Erikson Sihotang, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Judge's Consideration in Proving the Elements of Corruption Crimes in the Subsidiary Charges of Article 3 of the Corruption Crime Law against the defendant Pande Made Purwata in Case No: 14 / Pid.Sus-TPK / 2025 / PN.Denpasar, is the basis of legal considerations where the defendant's actions fulfill the elements of Article 3, namely: a) Benefiting oneself or others or a corporation; b) Abusing the authority of opportunities or means available because of office or position; c) Harming state finances or the state economy, and the basis of non-legal considerations is considerations seen from non-legal aspects. The legal implications of the court's decision regarding corruption of grant funds from the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) emphasize the doctrine of absolute liability and tiered guilt (mens rea) for administrators. This also closes the gap where maladministration is considered purely an administrative violation when irregularities occur that harm state finances.

PENAL AND NON-PENAL EFFORTS OF THE BADUNG RESORT POLICE IN COMBATING FIREARM MISUSE BY FOREIGN CITIZENS

Erikson Sihotang, I Putu Jaya Sematra, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The misuse of firearms among civilians is a critical issue in both national and international discourse, including in Indonesia. To date, efforts to curb firearm misuse among civilians—specifically those prone to criminal activity—have yet to yield significant results. Since 2023, there has been a rise in firearm misuse by foreign nationals within the jurisdiction of the Badung Resort Police. In accordance with prevailing laws and regulations, the penal and non-penal measures employed by the Badung Resort Police to address this issue primarily consist of repressive actions taken after the crimes of illegal firearm possession and use have already occurred. Challenges faced by the Badung Resort Police in implementing these measures include the complexity of investigating motives, the difficulty of tracing the origins of illicit weapons, and obstacles related to language and jurisdiction during witness examinations, alongside various internal and external constraints

APPLICATION OF THE TERRITORIAL PRINCIPLE TOWARDS FOREIGN CITIZENS WHO COMMIT NARCOTICS CRIMES IN THE JURISDICTION OF THE BADUNG RESORT POLICE

Ni Komang Meri Ariani, Erikson Sihotang, Komang Edy Dharma Saputra — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Regarding the application of the territorial principle to narcotics offenses committed by foreign nationals within the jurisdiction of the Badung Resort Police, such offenses fall under Indonesian jurisdiction and can be prosecuted in Indonesia pursuant to Article 5 of the Criminal Code (KUHP). If a narcotics offense occurs within Indonesian territory, the suspect may be legally prosecuted in Indonesia. Furthermore, under Article 4, point 1 of the new Criminal Code—specifically Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2023—any person who commits a criminal offense within the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia may be prosecuted under Indonesian criminal law if apprehended by Indonesian law enforcement authorities. Data indicating the continued annual emergence of new cases suggests that the law enforcement efforts undertaken by the Badung Resort Police have not yet been effective. This implies that the implementation of law enforcement strategies—whether preemptive, preventive, or repressive—continues to face various obstacles, and that outreach and educational activities have not yet optimally reached all segments of society

THE EFFECT OF THE REWARD SYSTEM ON WORK MOTIVATION, PERFORMANCE, AND JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES OF THE NURUL HIKMAH SANGATTA FOUNDATION

Fachrur Rozi, Amransyah, Rizkiawan, Meita Sondang Riski — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze the effect of reward systems on work motivation, employee performance,
and job satisfaction at Yayasan Nurul Hikmah Sangatta. As an educational and social institution based
on Islamic values, the foundation requires human resources with high motivation, optimal performance,
and good job satisfaction to support the achievement of organizational goals. This research employed a
quantitative approach using an associative method. Data were collected through questionnaires
distributed to all foundation employees and analyzed using simple linear regression techniques. The
results indicate that the reward system has a positive and significant effect on employee work
motivation. However, the reward system does not have a significant effect on employee performance
or job satisfaction. These findings suggest that the implemented rewards are effective in encouraging
employee enthusiasm and motivation, but are not sufficient to directly improve work outcomes and job
satisfaction levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that the foundation needs to develop a more
comprehensive reward system by considering financial, non-financial, social, and spiritual aspects in
order to generate a broader impact on human resource management